Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), a prominent herb in Ayurvedic medicine, has gained attention for its adaptogenic properties, particularly in stress reduction and cognitive function enhancement. This review aims to explore the existing scientific literature on the efficacy of Ashwagandha in managing stress, anxiety, and its potential role in improving cognitive functions such as memory, attention, and mental processing speed. Based on studies from both human and animal trials, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of how Ashwagandha can serve as a therapeutic agent in modern medicine, focusing on its mechanisms of action, dosage considerations, and clinical outcomes.